2017高二下學期英語語法
2017高二下學期英語語法1
名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞性從句的功能相當於名詞片語, 它在複合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
引導名詞性從句的連詞可分為三類：
①that(不充當從句的任何成分，無詞義。只起連線作用，因此往往可以省略。)
whether, if(不充當從句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明從句內容的不確定性。不可以省略。)
as if,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”)
②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
③when, where, how, why
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.誰擦的黑板還不知道。
What he said is not true.他說的不是實話
That he’ll come to see us is really great.他來看我們真是太好啦。
I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道為什麼他不在。
The question is whether he will join us next time.問題是下次他是否跟我們一起幹。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
2017高二下學期英語語法2
1.主語從句
①由從屬連詞引導的主語從句：
Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.
那個國家是否應該建立核電站……
That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直線傳播
②由連線代詞引導的主語從句：
What we need is more time. 我們所需要的是……
Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.無論你選哪本書……
Whoever comes will be welcome.無論誰來……
③由連線副詞引導的主語從句：
When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飛機什麼時候起飛……
Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到過哪兒……
How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的`流量是多少……
④關於形式主語 it
▲It + be +形容詞+ that-從句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that…重要的是……
It is obvious that…很明顯……
It is likely that….很可能
▲It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句
It is believed that…人們相信……
It is known to all that…眾所周知……
(注意該句型的變式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.)
It has been decided that…已決定……
▲It + be +名詞+ that-從句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常識
It is a surprise that…令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that…事實是……
可應用於此句型的名詞還有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
▲It +不及物動詞+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
2.表語從句
可以接表語從句的連繫動詞有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.
……數百萬人死於由抽菸引起的疾病
The question remains whether we can win the game…..我們是否能贏得這次比賽
That’s just what I want. ……我想要的
This is where our problem lies. ……我們的問題所在
The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit……我們如何幫助吸菸的人……
注意：
①表語從句的表現形式除了用從屬連詞，連線代詞和連線副詞引導以外，還可以由as, as if，as though引導
Things were not as they seemed.
It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。
②另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結構：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)
It ( This, That ) is because…
The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他為什麼被開除是因為他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
3.同位語從句
同位語從句一般由 that, whether 等連詞引導，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名詞的後面，說明該名詞的具體內容。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陸月球…….
I have no idea when he will be back. ……什麼時候回來
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也許病了
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.……是否同意
4.賓語從句
賓語從句可以作及物動詞的賓語，介詞的賓語，某些形容詞的賓語以及非謂語動詞的賓語。
①及物動詞後的賓語從句：
She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要幫助的人……
I wonder why she refused my invitation……她為什麼拒絕了我的邀請
②介詞後的賓語從句：
I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我總是在思考如何提高我的口語水平。
The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老師對他所說的話很滿意。
③某些形容詞後的賓語從句：
I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.
……透過努力工作，你將取得更大的進步
We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他沒有告別就走了
④非謂語動詞後的賓語從句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom,the foreigner smiled and said nothing
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
⑤關於形式賓語it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
我們必須清楚任何違犯法律的人都將受到懲罰。
I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我發現我們有必要徵求他的意見。
5.名詞性從句重難點
①在名詞性從句中，疑問句要用陳述句的語序。例如：
▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ?
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
▲You cant imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
②動詞 doubt 用在疑問句或否定句中，其後賓語從句常用 that 作連線詞;用在肯定句中，連線詞用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
Do you doubt that he will win ?
I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong .
He doubt whether I know it .
③ 否定轉移問題。
▲將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等動詞後面跟賓語從句時否定轉移
I dont think I know you. 我想我並不認識你。
I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不回來。
We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ?
注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。
I hope you werent ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。
▲將seem, appear 等後的從句的否定轉移
It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。
It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。
④主謂一致問題。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
What I bought were three English books.
⑤語氣問題
▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞後，that從句常用“should+ 動詞原形”的結構 I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建議我們應該立刻出發。
▲在It is +過去分詞+that的主語從句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。
It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.
▲在表語從句或同位語從句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.
▲在It is(was)+形容詞+that從句中要用虛擬語氣，即(should +)動詞原形，表示建議或不滿、驚奇等情緒。常用於此類的形容詞有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等 It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language.(上海1993)
A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master
⑥What引導名詞從句的特殊含義:
▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
(what為“所……的事”，相當於“the thing that…;all that…;everything that…”)
▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed.(M ET93) A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相當於“the time that”，表示“……時間”)
▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
(what表示“……的人”，相當於“the person that…”)
▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.
(what表示“……的地方”，相當於“the place that…”)
▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的數目”，相當於“the amount /number that…”)
⑦不可省略的連詞：
▲介詞後的連詞不可省略
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
下樓之前，我已經把我要說的認真準備好了。
▲引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被選上了，我們很高興。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到訊息說我們隊贏了。
▲賓語從句有多個that引導時，從第二個及其後面的that不能省略
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
⑧比較：whether 與 if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：
▲whether 引導主語從句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否來與我無關。
▲引導表語從句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他問第一個問題就是她來了沒有。
▲引導同位語從句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否來的問題。
▲whether 從句作介詞賓語
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我擔心是否傷了她的感情。
▲與or not連在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。
大部分連線詞引導的主語從句都可以置於句末，用it 充當形式主語。例如：
It is not important who will go. 誰去，這不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底誰贏呢，形勢尚不明朗。
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