定語從句歸納總結
定語從句，一個簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞後（先行詞）進行修飾限定，就叫做定語從句。在主句中充當定語成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。
一．幾個基本概念
1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之後。
4.引導詞：引導定語從句的詞（包括關係代詞和關係副詞）。
（1）關係代詞：that/who/whom/which/as
（2）關係副詞：when/where/why
5.引導詞的`位置：位於定語從句之前（先行詞之後）。【as除外】
6.引導詞的功能（作用）：
（1）連線先行詞和定語從句。
（2）在定語從句中充當一定的成分（關係代詞充當主語或賓語，關係副詞充當狀語）。
7.定語從句的型別：
（1）限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。
① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介詞+關係代詞（whom/which）引導
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
介詞的選用可根據從句中的相關片語確定，該介詞通常可以放在關係代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
（2）非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。
① 直接由引導詞引導定語從句。
② 由介詞+關係代詞（whom/which）引導。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
③ 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數詞、分數或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引導非限定性定語從句外，其餘引導詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位工程師被很快送往醫院，其腿部受了重傷）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫院）
3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導詞都不能省略（包括引導詞在此定語從句中充當賓語在內）。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關係副詞用when或where，也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引導非限定性定語從句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
＝The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定語從句中關係代詞和關係副詞的基本用法
1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。
① 當作動賓（動詞後接賓語）時，關係代詞可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 當作介賓（介詞後接賓語）時：
介詞不提前時，關係代詞可省略；
介詞提前時，關係代詞不可省，即介詞＋whom(指人時介詞後的關係代詞只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導詞前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什麼東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主語）
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）
4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。
① 當作動賓時，關係代詞可省略。
② 當作介賓時：
介詞不提前時，關係代詞可省略；
介詞提前時，關係代詞不可省，即介詞＋which(指物時介詞後的關係代詞只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介詞+關係代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。
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